The rule
decimal = numerator ÷ denominator
Why it works
Dividing the numerator by the denominator gives the decimal. Whether the division ever ends is decided by the denominator alone: if its only prime factors are 2 and 5, the decimal terminates. Anything else repeats forever.
How to do it by hand
- Divide the numerator by the denominator
- Keep going while the remainder is not zero
- If a remainder repeats, the digits from that point repeat forever
- Multiply by 100 for the percentage
What is worth knowing
The rule about 2 and 5 is not arbitrary — they are the prime factors of ten, our base. In base 10, only fractions whose denominators divide a power of ten can terminate. That is why 1/3 repeats but 1/8 does not, and it is also why the same fraction behaves differently in another base: 1/3 terminates neatly in base 3. The repeating block can never be longer than one less than the denominator, because there are only that many possible remainders, and once a remainder repeats the whole pattern must.