The formula
recalculate the schedule on the reduced balance, keeping either the term or the payment
Where it comes from
An overpayment goes straight to the principal, so all the interest that balance would have generated for the rest of the term disappears with it. You then choose what to do with the saving: shorten the term and keep paying the same, or keep the term and pay less each month.
How to work it out by hand
- Work out the balance still outstanding after the payments made so far
- Subtract the overpayment from it
- Recalculate the schedule on the new balance
- Compare the total interest before and after
What is worth knowing
Cutting the term almost always saves more than cutting the payment, and often by a factor of two or three, because you keep attacking the balance at the same rate. Cutting the payment frees up cash flow now and is the right choice if the month is tight. What decides whether to overpay at all is the comparison against your other options: if the mortgage rate is 4% and you have card debt at 22%, the card comes first; if you have no emergency fund, that comes first too. Check for early repayment charges before you do anything, since some deals cap what you can overpay each year.